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Main article: The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix 'Dan' and whether it refers to the or a historical person and the exact meaning of the - 'mark' ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning 'flat land', related to German Tenne 'threshing floor', English den 'cave'. The -mark is believed to mean or (see ), with probable references to the border forests in south. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two, which are believed to have been erected by ( c.
Danmark Håndbold
955) and ( c. The larger stone of the two is popularly cited as Denmark's 'baptismal certificate' ( dåbsattest), though both use the word 'Denmark', in the form of ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ 'tanmaurk' ( [danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ 'tanmarkar' (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called 'tani' ( [danɪ]), or 'Danes', in the accusative. In the union, Denmark was the dominant partner, and eventually gained rule over and Norwegian dependencies (, and ). In the 1645, Denmark surrendered Halland,, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, King declared war on Sweden and marched on.
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This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King of Sweden conquered both,, and much of before signing the in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania,,, and the island of. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having wrecked Denmark and in August 1658, he began a two-year-long siege of but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm. Denmark tried to regain control of Scania in the (1675–1679) but it ended in failure. After the (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of and ruled by the house of in the 1720 and the 1773, respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the, Denmark traded with both and the and joined the with, Sweden, and.